1. INTRODUCTION:

Radiations have today become an inseparable part of living environment. Besides radiations from natural sources we have manmade sources such as nuclear reactors, radioisotopes, X-ray machine etc. Radiations are usefully employed in various fields such as medicine, industry, hydrology and agriculture. However the ill effects and hazards of radiation, especially the high energy gamma radiation, are well known. Hence the person using the radiation technology, the workers and the public around must be protected or shielded from these radiations.

It is on this background that the study of interaction of gamma radiations with the materials of common and industrial use, as well as of biological and commercial importance has become major area of interest in the field of radiation science. For a scientific study of interaction of radiation with matter a proper characterization and assessment of penetration and diffusion of gamma rays in the external medium is necessary. We can define some parameters for such a quantitative evaluation, of which the 'mass attenuation coefficient' of the material is one of the most important parameter.

It is because of this that the study of mass attenuation coefficient of various materials has been an important part of research work in radiation chemistry and physics. The mass attenuation Co-efficient usually depends upon the energy of radiations and nature of the material.

Hubbell [1] has compiled an extensive data on mass attenuation coefficients of gamma rays in some compound and mixtures of dosimetric interest in the energy range of 1 keV to 20 MeV. Hubbell and Seltzer have compiled an updated version of attenuation coefficients for elements having atomic number from 1-92 and for 48 additional substances. Other scientist’s Carlsson, Cunningham, Jahagirdar, Singh etc [2-23] has conducted systematic studies of attenuation coefficients from time to time. In a pioneering work Chaudhari and Teli [16] determined gamma ray mass attenuation coefficients of salts magnesium chloride, zinc sulphate and ferrous sulphate at energies 123 keV and in the form of solutions. The mixture rule developed by them can be applied to measure the mass attenuation coefficients of substances, with a greater accuracy, in the form of the solution. The solution method has thereafter been used for measuring mass attenuation coefficients of several salts, some amino acids, sugars, and starches.

The present work is an extension of this research field. We are studied the linear and mass attenuation coefficient of Bhasmas at different medicinal shop have taken samples for beta rays of source Cs has been studied. As Bhasmas are plays vital role in the process of Bhasmas for therapeutic purpose is not merely to cure the respective ailment but also can complete the need of trace elements required for various enzymatic activities in the body. With these points in consideration the experiments for measurement of mass attenuation coefficient have been taken to the unexplored frontiers of biophysical science.

The present work is an extension of this research field. We are studied the linear and mass attenuation coefficient of Salicylic Acid, Citric acid, Cinnamic acid and Oxalic acid after dry for beta rays of source Cs has been studied. As organic compounds samples are plays vital role in the process of photosynthesis. With these points in consideration the experiments for measurement of mass attenuation coefficient have been taken to the unexplored frontiers of biophysical science.

1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK:

1 It is necessary to vary both incident and transmitted beam collimators to eliminate the problems occur with LaueBragg scattering and the small angle scattering.

2 The counting statistics can be optimize following the suggestions of Rose and Shapiro or Nordor’s.

3 The dead point must be measured experimentally and the dead time corrections must be applied to the incident and transmitted intensities.

4 It is important to mount the sample normal to the beam and vary the sample thickness to verify that the Beer-Lamberts Law is satisfied and a unique value of attenuation coefficient exists.

5 Best results are obtained for thickness which satisfies to obtain the most reliable results

1.2 IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC COMPOUND SAMPLS:

Salicylic Acid: name derived from Salix (Latin name for the willow tree) .Organic Compound – Chemically Synthesized & Biosynthesized .Functions as a Hormone in Plants – Defense Against Pathogens. Vast Array of Benefits & Uses • Applications in Food Chemistry, Textiles, Medicine, Cosmetics, Dermatology. Food Chemistry – preservative. Textiles – synthesis of dyes; used for its antibacterial properties. Medicine – relieve fever and pain .Cosmetics – preservative; has exfoliating and cleansing properties. Dermatology – seborrheic dermatitis, viral warts, psoriasis, acne vulgaris, and more 4000 BC – Assyrians used the extracts of willow leaves to treat painful musculoskeletal joint pain conditions, as well as an antipyretic drug to reduce fever.

Citric acid: Knowledge of the citric acid content of beverages may be useful in nutrition therapy for calcium urolithiasis, especially among patients with hypocitraturia. Citrate is a naturally-occurring inhibitor of urinary crystallization; achieving therapeutic urinary citrate concentration is one clinical target in the medical management of calcium Urolithi as is. When provided as fluids, beverages containing citric acid add to the total volume of urine, reducing its saturation of calcium and other crystals, and may enhance urinary citrate excretion. Information on the citric acid content of fruit juices and commercially-available formulations is not widely known. We evaluated the citric acid concentration of various fruit juices.

Cinnamic acid: is an organic Compound with the formula C₆H₅CHCHCO₂H. It is a white crystalline compound that is slightly Soluble in water, and freely soluble in many organic solvents. Classified as an unsaturated Carboxylic acid, it occurs naturally in a number of plants. It exists as both a cis and a transisomer, although the latter is more common.

Uses: Cinnamic acid is used in flavors, Synthetic indigo and certain pharmaceuticals. A major use is in the manufacturing of the methyl, ethyl, and benzyl esters for the perfume industry. Cinnamic acid is a precursor to the sweetener aspartame via enzyme-catalysed amination to phenylalanine. Cinnamic acid can dimerize in non-polar solvents resulting in different linear free energy relationships Cinnamic acid is also a kind of self-inhibitor produced by fungal spores to prevent germination.

Oxalic acid: is an organic compound with the formula C₂H₂O₄. It is a colorless crystalline solid that forms a colorless solution in water. Its condensed formula is HOOCCOOH, reflecting its classification as the simplest dicarboxylic acid. Its acid strength is much greater than that of acetic acid. Oxalic acid is a reducing agent and its conjugate base, known as oxalate (C2O2−4), is a chelating agent for metal cations. Typically, oxalic acid occurs as the dihydrate with the formula C₂H₂O₄·2H₂O. Excessive ingestion of oxalic acid or prolonged skin contact can be dangerous. Oxalic acid is used as bleach for wood, removing black stains caused by water penetration.

Content in food items:

About 25% of produced oxalic acid is used as a mordant in dyeing processes. It is used in bleaches, especially for pulpwood. It is also used in baking powder. It all so used as a third reagent in silica analysis instruments.

2.MATERIALS AND METHOD:

First we make standard connections and arrangement between NaI(TI), detector, absorber and source. Beta source in the source tray at about 2 cm from the end window of NaI (TI) scintillation detector. Set the experiment was performed at the Radiation Application Laboratory at Central Instrumentation Centre at Mangalore University, Mangalore India. The experimental setup in the present work is shown in figure-1.

The gamma rays are well collimated using collimators of cylindrical shape and a circular aperture of 6mm diameter between the source and the detector. NaI (TI). Place the absorber (inorganic compound) between end window detector and source holder containing eight absorbers of respective thickness. We are took the reading for a present time of 1000 sec. without any absorber and tabulate and repeated the experiment by recording the data stored for the same present time for different thickness in the increasing order. Repeat the same steps as explained above for next absorber sets of leaves. Plot the graph of ln(No/N) Vs thickness of absorber. The slope graphs gives as linear absorption coefficient and for mass attenuation coefficient first calculate density of absorber by taking mass and area of absorber. The ratio of linear mass coefficient to the density of absorber gives the “Mass Attenuation Coefficient” of respective absorber.

The signal is detected by NaI (Tl) scintillation detector of 3×3 inch crystal and a high bias voltage of 1000 volts. A lead shield surrounds the detector to reduce the undesired external Radiation. The weak detector pulse enters the preamplifier (or preamp.), the pulse then enters the linear amplifier which has two main functions pulse shaping and amplitude gain, for which the multi-channel analyzer has been designed. The amplified pulse is then fed to the Multi-Channel Analyzer (MCA), which converts the analog signal into a digital through an analog to digital converter (ADC). The energy and the efficiency of the system were calibrated using a certified standard source.

The sample was exposed to 662.16KeV photons emitted by Cs-137 radioactive point sources, respectively. Io and I are the intensities before and after attenuation were measured by a high resolution NaI(Tl) detector. The sample was placed between the source and the detector, the distance between the radioactive point source with sample and the sample to detector was 12cm and 4cm, respectively. The measurements for the sample were carried out for five times for each energy value. Photon spectra were recorded in the following order firstly, source spectrum recorded with source but without sample and the incident spectrum (without attenuation) I₀ was obtained. The transmitted spectrum recorded with source and sample I (after attenuation) was obtained. In both the spectra the photo-peak had Gaussian distribution. The peak areas have been calculated from the spectrum obtained for each measurement. The each spectrum was recorded for sufficient time (30min) to accumulate an adequate number of counts under the photo peak. In this work, Io (without attenuation) and I (after attenuation) intensity measurements and μm calculations were carried out for the photon energies (1173keV).

The medicinal plants are collected from different places. The leaves and seeds plants are washed with distilled water and air-dried in shade over a period of one month. They are finely grinded with a pestle and mortar. The grinded powder is sieved using a mesh size of 260µm .The samples of different thicknesses are prepared by weighing a quantity of the finely grinded power and pressing to a 10mm dia cylindrical pellet with and hydraulic press (without a binder).The areal thickness of the pellets was calculated using an electronic weighing balance and a travelling microscope.

Further graph of absorbance versus thickness of each inorganic copounds, the slope of the graph gave value a straight line, which showed that the absorbance followed exponential law with respect to thickness. The slope of graph gave value of linear absorption coefficient for particular sample. The unit of linear absorption coefficient so obtained is cm^-1.Therfore the mass attenuation coefficient was calculated by dividing linear absorption coefficient with its measured density. The mass attenuation coefficient thus obtained has unit cm³.g.cm^-1 or cm²/g.

3. RESULTS AND DISICSSIONS:

Experimental block diagram:

We studied the linear and mass absorption coefficients values were measured for the Different inorganic compounds samples by using Cs sources. The measured values were found to be in well good agreement with mixture rule. The linear attenuation coefficient of inorganic compounds is greater than Citric acid. The difference between Citric acid and Oxalic acid that is contain of inorganic compounds. This research method is very useful for systematic study in basic sciences and also in research area. The results valid the gamma absorption law total attenuation cross sections of the organic compounds obtained from an accurate database of photon –interaction cross section are listed in Table 1,2,3,4and 5.The chemical compositions of the inorganic compounds studied in the present work are shown in graph 1&2.

Table 1.Mass attenuation coefficient, linear attenuation coefficient, mean free path, total atomic

Sample Name	Pellet mass (gm)	ϼt gm/Cm²	Net area under peak	Count rate N	ln N
01	0.20	0.15	837849	2796.37	7.93
02	0.25	0.18	799769	2651.40	7.88
03	0.30	0.22	767765	2559.90	7.84
04	0.33	0.24	743992	2478.82	7.81
05	0.38	0.28	729405	2403.39	7.78

Ln(N ) for various thickness of Citric acid by suing source Cs

Table 2.Mass attenuation coefficient, linear attenuation coefficient, mean free path, total atomic

Sample Name	Pellet mass (gm)	ϼt gm/Cm²	Net area under peak	Count rate N	ln N
01	0.05	0.03	17656	58.85	4.07
02	0.10	0.07	17464	58.21	4.06
03	0.15	0.11	17100	57.00	4.04
04	0.20	0.15	17445	58.15	4.03
05	0.25	0.18	17219	57.40	4.05

Ln(N ) for various thickness of Cinnamic acid by suing source Cs

Table 3 .Mass attenuation coefficient, linear attenuation coefficient, mean free path, total atomic

Sample Name	Pellet mass (gm)	ϼt gm/Cm²	Net area under peak	Count rate N	ln N
01	0.15	0.11	17953	59.84	4.09
02	0.20	0.15	17727	59.09	4.079
03	0.25	0.18	17679	58.62	4.071
04	0.30	0.22	17586	58.93	4.070
05	0.35	0.26	17520	58.40	4.067

Ln(N ) for various thickness of Oxalic acid by suing source Cs

Table 4.Mass attenuation coefficient, linear attenuation coefficient, mean free path, total atomic

Sample Name	Pellet mass (gm)	ϼt gm/Cm²	Net area under peak	Count rate N	ln N
01	0.20	0.15	17774	59.24	4.081
02	0.25	0.18	17157	57.19	4.046
03	0.30	0.22	17085	56.95	4.042
04	0.35	0.26	16926	56.42	4.032
05	0.40	0.30	16892	56.24	4.029

Ln(N ) for various thickness of Salicylic acid by suing source Cs

4. CONCLUSIONS:

We studied the linear and mass absorption coefficients values were measured for the Compounds of Organic Compound sample by using Cs sources. The measured values were found to be in well good agreement with mixture rule. The linear attenuation coefficient of Organic sample is greater than Salicylic Acid, Citric acid, Cinnamic acid, Oxalic acid, Content in food items. The difference between Organic samples and Organic samples indicates that the contain of Food Chemistry, Textiles, Medicine, Cosmetics, Dermatology. Food Chemistry. This research method is very useful for systematic study in basic sciences and also in research area. The results valid the gamma absorption law.

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The authors wish to record their heartfelt gratitude to Mangalore University, Manglore Facilities for the Beautiful research Laboratories of His University .

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Received on 22.10.2016 Modified on 05.11.2016

Asian J. Research Chem. 2016; 9(12): 664-668.

DOI: 10.5958/0974-4150.2016.00091.2